Constant temperature drying of inflorescences was performed for 40, fifty and 60 °C, while the prices of temperature increase evaluated for the particular non-isothermal drying trials have been 1 . 5, 2. a few and 4 °C·h-1 for the previously mentioned temperature range limitations (40-60 °C), under a constant airflow of 1 m·s-1. Two of the most important cannabinoids with pharmaceutical attributes produced are typically the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in addition to the cannabidiol (CBD). Article previewAbstract

Introduction

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Thermal Science in addition to Engineering ProgressDrying and quality qualities of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences beneath constant and time-varying convective drying temp schemesAbstractCannabis sativa L. is an herbaceous, dioicous, annual medicinal plant of the particular Cannabaceae family. Considering all experiments, the highest temperature stage and temperature boost rate led to reduced processing time and energy usage, while the complete content of CBD and Δ9-THC of inflorescences ranged in between 0. 653-1. 335% w/w and 0. 036-0. 062% w/w, respectively. The existing work aims to be able to investigate the convective drying characteristics associated with hemp inflorescences, evaluate the effects associated with constant and time-varied temperature schemes upon the CBD in addition to Δ9-THC concentrations and estimate the vitality requirements of each blow drying regime. Thus, non-isothermal drying at the maximum rate regarding temperature increase (4 °C·h-1) is proposed since reduced blow drying duration and vitality consumption is achieved by retaining higher CBD levels. Different constant temperature ranges of isothermal drying out or rates of temperature increase of non-isothermal drying, are not found to have a significant impact on the total content of the two investigated cannabinoids. Concentration of samples dried under adjustable temperature regimes lead to higher CBD mean levels (+46. 7% for inflorescences and +65. 3% for leaves), while the Δ9-THC levels did not seem to end up being affected significantly at any drying therapy.


Cannabinoids may be either extracted as resins produced simply by the glandular trichomes in the female inflorescences’ bracts [1] or they can be taken out, in a lower amount from the rest hemp elements [2]. Cannabis production methods differ depending on typically the setting and the particular scope of cultivator. By the time the plants reach an adequate size in vegetative growth, typically the phase of blooming occurs and the inflorescences are gathered during the suitable stage of maturation [3]. In order to achieve a successful, effective, and profitable harvest, a mix of factors have got to be achieved during the manufacturing, before and after each process or treatment applied on the natural material. Among the list of diverse varieties of cannabis, the most recognized subspecies within typically the genus, cultivated with regard to fibre production, medicinal use or human being nutrition, contain C. sativa ssp sativa., C. sativa ssp indica and C. sativa ssp ruderalis. IntroductionCannabis is considered to be 1 of the most well-known multi-purpose crops inside cultivation. Cannabis contains several phytochemicals, delivering pharmacological properties along with their main active components, the cannabinoids, to be responsible for the medicinal benefits of hemp Products of cannabis.


Several drying models usually are proposed in the particular literature for explaining the experimental information of drying kinetics [6], [7], [8]. Modeling approaches that correlate directly the moisture content with drying time, are mostly empirical of semi-theoretical approaches according to liquid diffusion theory. thin-layer drying models among the relax models, can describe accurately the blow drying kinetics using record indices to evaluate the fit. Drying is one regarding the most energy intensive post-harvest process in food, gardening and pharmaceutical industrial sectors for the maintenance of products and their own bioactive compounds by reducing benefit drinking water content from the gathered goods. These building approaches have been effectively applied in a range of products and dryers, just like turmeric in solar thermal drying systems [9], [10], tomato waste in mixed mode sun tunnel dryers [11] in addition to maize grain within solar bubble washer dryer combos [12], displaying that Page or even Midilli et ing. The selection associated with the drying approach and the procedure parameters may have got a significant influence upon the chemical plus the biological activity of products, depending upon product characteristics in terms of actual physical and chemical attributes [4]. Nevertheless , quality issues may possibly arise due to be able to the high temperature use or the extended periods that typically the method exposed to hot air, as reported in a range of various medical plants [5]. In order for designing enhanced, product-specific focused drying schemes and methods, accurate modeling regarding moisture kinetics throughout drying is required.


Thus, the introduction of non-stationary drying regimes along with a main goal of reducing the quality deterioration, is essential for products of which can attract a good market value, such as industrial hemp. Novel drying procedures have been presented with regard to enhancing the top quality parameters of dried up products, improving the drying process’ vitality efficiency and minimizing the drying time. Techniques such as intermittent drying, may be applied on existing blow drying equipment by various the temperature through the drying process. Intermittency profiles, as categorized by Chua et al. [19], the current express of cannabis drying involve ‘slow-drying’ strategies such as shade drying out, in which the plant twigs are hanged to wires; or the trimmed buds are placed on screen/trays inside air-ventilated drying rooms of low temperature and controlled family member humidity conditions for any 4-6 day duration, until foliage is usually crisp and fragile. Although cannabinoids amount to the least volatile fraction of cannabis essential oil, as CBD’s boiling point will be 180 °C [20], there is usually no general general opinion on a device that describes effectively the effects of the diverse drying conditions on the overall cannabinoid profile. Non-isothermal drying out is reported to get beneficial effects on quality parameters regarding herbaceous materials this kind of as peppermint, " lemon " balm and sage [14], [15], [16], [17]. Non-isothermal drying nevertheless , provides not been examined on cannabis apart from from an intermittent blow drying scheme presented in a patent associated with Hawes and Cohen [18] that suggest a three-stage drying operation with different heat and humidity circumstances, able to boost inactivation of mildew spores and stop thermal denaturation. As reviewed by Challa et al. [13], can be regarding pulsed energy input or cyclic, irrelavent and ramp variance of a solitary or perhaps a set associated with the drying circumstances. With the air-drying temperature to become the most important factor on drying kinetics and top quality attributes, using a low-temperature, time-varying process along with a linear temp increase has not really been reported regarding hemp up to now, to the best associated with the authors’ understanding. With this drying approach however , there are usually no studies exposing the actual drying duration needed, the power requirements or typically the temperature-humidity influence on the dried-product quality.


Cannabinoid potency testing has turned into a component of cannabis business quality control, apart from legal obligations plus product safety elements. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis, which will be officially employed by simply most authorities regarding cannabinoid estimation, evolves high temperatures with regard to sample vaporization just before injection, leading in order to partial decarboxylation in addition to underestimation of typically the actual acidic plus neutral form beliefs [21]. However, in cases that the potency of cannabis is required to be represented by simply the total cannabinoid content (acidic and decarboxylated forms), the typical gas chromatography paired to flame ionization detection (GC-FID) technique proposed by 809/2014 EU regulation without a derivatization step, is applicable. Two of typically the main cannabinoids of great interest, are the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) that has legal restrains and will classify cannabis because illicit drug due to the psychotropic impacts; plus cannabinol (CBD) which is a non-psychoactive pharmacologically active substance that provides a great commercial/pharmaceutical importance and it is mostly present in CBD-rich strains of hemp. Aside from the particular addictive and the rest negative reported effects, Δ9-THC is endowed with antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, appetite-stimulant and junk properties [22]. CBD is in charge of the immunomodulatory, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiseizure, anti-asthmatic and anticancer effects, additionally typically the reported antioxidant, antiseptic and insecticidal activity [23], [24].


Additionally, hemp food in the global marketplace is expected to develop and gain recognition in the future, whereas presently there is an increasing industry interest regarding fiber, composites and textiles [25]. Since hemp within known for establishing to variable agroclimatic conditions [26], they have attracted globally the interest of buyers for both commercial and medical goal cultivation. The prior facts, as well as the spread and limited studies in literature of cannabis on evaluating the drying kinetics along with the dried product quality, motivated the current study that seeks to: (1) check out the convective drying behavior and humidity removal of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences for stationary in addition to non-stationary drying circumstances by evaluating statistical drying models, (2) estimate the power requirements and (3) assess the dried-product CBD and THC concentrations by GC-FID regarding the examined drying out schemes. Τhe forbidance of cannabis fostering is linked to the occurrence of the Δ9-THC psychoactive compound, however , certain countries have allowed cannabis employ for medicinal reasons. Although cultivation, ownership and use of cannabis is forbidden generally in most of countries, the regulatory body and legalization regarding cannabis will be revised internationally over the last decades for fiber-type (industrial) hemp cultivars.


Section snippetsSample handling and pre-drying proceduresFresh branches of Cannabis sativa L. together with a weight starting between 200 and 300 g happen to be harvested from a local licensed outdoor cultivation in the particular region of Ilia in Greece. The cultivated variety had been Finola (‘FIN-314′), a new Finnish oilseed dioecious hemp cultivar listed in EU database of registered hemp varieties since 2004, along with a Δ9-TCH level less than zero. 2% and a new CBD to Δ9-THC ratio above two [27]. However, Δ9-THC level will be reported to range between 0. 05 and 0. 32% [28] depending among other


Chromatographic GC-FID analysisThe GC analysis associated with the cannabinoids’ components gave sharp, plus well separated highs of Δ9-THC and CBD. Both peaks correspond to typically the sum of the neutral and acid forms of the particular respective analytes [41], [42]. The retention periods were 12. 4 min for Δ9-THC and 10. two min for CBD.


Drying curvesMoisture content reduction associated with Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences versus drying out time, was discovered to differ for the investigated range associated with constant temperature ranges and rates of temperature increase. The experimental drying curves


ConclusionsCannabis sativa L. inflorescences were dried out within a laboratory scale convective dryer at 40, 50 and 60 °C temps for any constant airflow velocity of just one m· h-1. Drying kinetics besides the method energy requirements plus the total CBD and Δ9-THC articles of samples, had been assessed. The blow drying data revealed that higher constant blow drying s-1. Non-stationary drying conditions were furthermore investigated for the same temperature range under about three temperature increasing rates of 1. 5, 2. 5 plus 4 °C·


A. Filios: Supervision, Project administration, Methodology, Writing - overview & editing. A. Tsakirakis: Investigation, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing - review & editing. K. Machera: Supervision, Methodology, Writing - review & enhancing. A. Termentzi: Investigation, Validation, Writing - review & editing. CRediT authorship contribution statementV. Chasiotis: Investigation, Software, Conceptualization, Formal evaluation, Data curation, Visualization, Writing - authentic draft.


Declaration of Competing InterestThe authors declare they may have no known contending financial interests or perhaps personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this document.


AcknowledgmentsV. Chasiotis acknowledges that their work was reinforced by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under the HFRI PhD Fellowship grant (Fellowship Number: 650). Members of Thermo-Fluid Systems Laboratory usually are grateful to Mr. G. Varsos from Vencon Varsos S. A. for the particular laboratory scale convective dryer wonderful technical support.


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Challenges towards stimulating hemp: a diverse cropTrends Plant Sci. Food Process EngCited by (4)Cannabidiol plus terpenes from hemp - ingredients regarding future foods in addition to processing technologies2021, Journal of Future Foods Crops Prod. Intermittent drying of bioproducts--an overviewBioresour. Solar EnergyExergy analysis and kinetic study of tomato waste drying within a mixed setting solar tunnel dryerEnergy Sources Part ADrying characteristics of maize grain in solar bubble dryerJ. A comprehensive overview of thin-layer drying models utilized in agricultural productsCrit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. Sol. Energy Eng. Evaluation regarding drying model plus quality analysis of turmeric using solar heating systemAppl. Drying systems: vehicle to high-quality herbsFood Eng. Technol. Cannabinoid content in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L. ) varieties grown within SloveniaInd. Modeling the thin-layer drying associated with fruits and veggies: a reviewCompr. Crops Prod. Cannabis sativa: the plant from the thousand and a single moleculesFront. Rev. Thin-layer mathematical modeling associated with turmeric in roundabout natural conventional photo voltaic dryerJ. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. Valorizing industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L. ) by-products: Cannabidiol enrichment in typically the inflorescence petrol enhancing sample pre-treatment prior to distillationIndustr.



Thin Layer Modeling and Solar Drying Characteristics of Forced Convective Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PV-T) Solar Dryer Assisted along with Evacuated Tube Collector for Drying regarding Untreated Potato Slices2022, Journal of Research and Innovation inside Food Science and Technology



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